What kind of vehicle is an Ekranoplan, or Wing-in-ground effect machine?

An Ekranoplan, also known as a Wing-in-ground (WIG) effect machine, is a unique type of vehicle that operates by using ground effect. This is the increased lift experienced by an aircraft when it is close to the ground or water surface. This allows the vehicle to achieve high speeds and efficiency while flying at very low altitudes.

The Ekranoplan was developed during the Cold War era in the Soviet Union as a means of transporting troops and equipment over long distances at high speeds. It is designed to operate over water, typically coastal areas or large bodies of water, and can travel at speeds of up to 500 km/h (310 mph).

The vehicle is characterized by its large wingspan, which creates a cushion of air between the wings and the ground or water surface, providing additional lift. This allows the Ekranoplan to fly at a height of only a few meters above the surface, reducing drag and increasing fuel efficiency.

The Ekranoplan is often compared to both aircraft and ships, as it combines the characteristics of both, although it is technically neither. It is capable of taking off and landing on water, similar to a seaplane, but it flies at much lower altitudes and speeds compared to traditional aircraft. It is also larger and heavier than most seaplanes, with some models reaching lengths of over 100 meters (330 feet).

While the development and production of Ekranoplans were primarily focused in the Soviet Union, there have been efforts in other countries to develop similar vehicles. Their commercial viability and widespread use have been limited by a number of factors, although there is a steady growth of smaller machines built for leisure purposes.

In summary, an Ekranoplan, or Wing-in-ground effect machine, is a unique type of vehicle that uses ground effect to achieve high speeds and efficiency while flying at very low altitudes. It combines many of the characteristics of aircraft and ships, and was primarily developed for military purposes.